In the second century.The elements of sanitation and public hygiene that were known all over the ancient world reached a high level in Rome, as is indicated by the ruins of aqueducts, sewers, and baths. L. V. Gromashevskii’s theories regarding the mechanisms governing the transmission of infection have played an important part in the development of epidemiology.Scientific and technological progress, socioeconomic changes, and advances in medicine have brought about substantial changes in the health of the population, as well as reduced death rates. Study of the laws of inheritance of antigens and other immunity factors gave rise to the field of immunogenetics. In 1972, 55,122 scientists (including 5,783 doctors of science and 32,845 candidates of medical and pharmaceutical science) were conducting research in more than 350 research organizations and more than 100 medical and pharmaceutical institutes, as well as in university medical departments and institutes for the advanced training of physicians. In the 1870’s he discovered that functional changes in the heart were often disproportionate to anatomical changes; he concluded that these changes depend on the central nervous apparatus and, through it, on environmental conditions. Psychoanalysis, a technique developed by S. Freud, finds the explanation for neuroses in suppressed sexual desires. In the same year, G. F. Gauze developed the new antibiotic gramicidin. In 1925, S. S. Briukhonenko constructed an apparatus for extracorporeal blood circulation that was used successfully to revive animals from clinical death. Data on cardiac activity and other functions can be received even from outer space.

J. von Liebig’s balanced diet theory also contributed to the rise of theoretical generalization in medicine, as did study of the chemical processes in living organisms, which led to the development of biochemistry.The greatest advance in the 19th century was the cell theory of the structure of living organisms (J. Purkinje, M. J. Schleiden, and T. Schwann). The discovery of anaphylaxis by the French scientist C. Richet (1902) and the discovery of serum anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock by the French bacteriologist N. M. Arthus and the Russian pathologist G. P. Sakharov (1903-05) laid the groundwork for the study of allergies. Medicinal plants were described in herbals. Scientists have found that all vitamins participate in the function of various enzyme systems.

(Retail Health Care),Elsevier Science starts two journals; sells sales & marketing unit,Mirror Comment: Trip tips that will save lives,Precaution urged to avoid diseases during travel,Travel of Dependents & Household Goods Authorized,Travel Order Preparation/Accounting System. Many antibiotics, with various spectra of antimicrobial action, have been isolated in the years since.The science of vitamins (vitaminology), a 20th-century phenomenon, has also made marked progress. Numerous medical “systems” were elaborated in an attempt to explain the causes of disease and principles of treatment. Hygienic standards for nutrition were given physiological substantiation by Rubner and K. Voit. At the turn of the 18th century, B. Ramazzini began a study of occupational pathology and labor hygiene. The Russian pathophysiologist E. S. London experimented with autoradiography in 1904 and published the first monograph on radiobiology in 1911. travel medicine: [ med´ĭ-sin ] 1. any drug or remedy. Their work was cited by V. I. Lenin as a grave indictment of autocracy and capitalist relations.The discovery of natural radioactivity and subsequent research in nuclear physics gave rise to radiobiology, which deals with the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

Basically, travel medicine can divide into 4 main topics: prevention (vaccination and travel advice), assistance (dealing with repatriation and medical treatment of travelers), wilderness medicine (e.g. Based on circumstances, it should also include malaria prophylaxis.Studies have shown there are four main medical problems that travellers develop—diarrhoea or gut problems, respiratory problems, wounds and pain. There are new possibilities in research in the genetics of microorganisms (including viruses) and in biochemical and molecular genetics.In the 20th century immunology outgrew the classical immunity theory. In the United States, medical practice is characterized by a patchwork mixture of government and private control. J. Graunt and W. Petty (Great Britain) worked out statistical methods for investigating public health. Basically, travel medicine can divide into 4 main topics: prevention (vaccination and travel advice), assistance (dealing with repatriation and medical treatment of travelers), wilderness medicine (e.g. : Arthur Conan Doyle,avuncular doctor of impeccable ethics. Automatic systems have been created for controlling anesthesia, respiration, and blood pressure during operations. The development of surgical methods of treating diseases of the genitourinary system by S. P. Fedorov in Russia led to the establishment of urology as an independent branch of medicine.Between 1923 and 1930, A. V. Vishnevskii developed a method of local anesthesia with Novocain. (Organisms developing from embryos exposed to certain antigens lose their ability after birth to react to those antigens and to reject them by forming antibodies.) The use of electronics has been accompanied by the development of quantitative methods for the precise and objective monitoring of biological processes.A great deal of progress is being made in medical cybernetics. Infectious and parasitic diseases, which once were widespread and the main cause of death, accounted for only 1-3 percent of the deaths at the beginning of the 1970’s.

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